O aparato crítico do volume, on-line. O livro imprime suas Notas e referências capítulo por capítulo; esta página as reúne, acrescenta os links clicáveis e corrige-se sem reimpressão. Ela segue o master: toda referência acrescentada, retirada ou corrigida no livro o é aqui na mesma passagem.
282 referências · 271 únicas · 9 repetições
O terreno do corpo — metabolismo, variabilidade, interações
D. J. McKenna, G. H. N. Towers, F. Abbott, "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and β-carboline constituents of ayahuasca," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1984.
J. C. Callaway et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1999.
R. S. Obach, J. Pablo, D. C. Mash, "Cytochrome P450 2D6 catalyzes the O-demethylation of ibogaine to noribogaine," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 1998.
X. Koenig, K. Hilber, "The anti-addiction drug ibogaine and the heart: a delicate relation," Molecules, 2015 (prolongamento do QT, hERG).
K. E. Caudle et al., "Standardizing CYP2D6 genotype-to-phenotype translation (Activity Score)," consórcio CPIC, 2020; diretrizes DPWG (KNMP) para a tradução fenotípica.
T. Zhao, Y.-Q. He, J. Wang et al., "Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4 and 2D6 by β-carboline alkaloids, harmine derivatives," Phytotherapy Research, 2011, 25(11):1671-1677 (inibição competitiva do CYP2D6 por harmalina e harmina).
R. R. Shah, R. L. Smith, "Phenoconversion: a neglected factor in the genotype–phenotype relationship," British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015.
N. E. Zinberg, Drug, Set, and Setting, Yale University Press, 1984 (tríade substância / estado / enquadramento).
O enquadramento: o que diferencia uma medicina de um trauma
Leary T., Metzner R., Alpert R., The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead, University Books, 1964.
Hartogsohn I., “Set and setting, psychedelics and the placebo response: An extra-pharmacological perspective on psychopharmacology,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2016, 30(12):1259-1267.
Hartogsohn I., “Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting,” Drug Science, Policy and Law, 2017, 3:1-17.
Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines, Guidelines for the Awareness of Sexual Abuse and Ethical Conduct in Ayahuasca Ceremonies, San Francisco, 2018 (atualizado em 2020, 2023).
Do bom uso dos guias: poder, transferência e desvios
Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines, Ayahuasca Community Guide for the Awareness of Sexual Abuse, San Francisco, 2018 (atualizado em 2020, 2023).
Labate B.C., Cavnar C. (orgs.), Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond, Oxford University Press, 2014.
Tafur J., The Fellowship of the River: A Medical Doctor's Exploration into Traditional Amazonian Plant Medicine, Espiritu Books, 2017.
Miviludes, relatórios anuais, dossiês neoxamanismo e desvios sectários, República Francesa.
Aronovich A., publicações acadêmicas sobre a segurança ayahuasqueira, Instituto Chacruna, 2019-2024.
Declarações públicas intertribais (Lakota, Diné, e outros) contra os plastic shamans, 1993-2020.
Dose e efeito: uma relação não linear
Madsen M.K., Fisher P.M., Burmester D. et al., “Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2019, 44:1328-1334.
Wacker D., Wang S., McCorvy J.D. et al., “Crystal Structure of an LSD-Bound Human Serotonin Receptor”, Cell, 2017, 168(3):377-389.
de la Torre R., Farré M. et al., farmacocinética não linear do MDMA e inibição da CYP2D6 (ver capítulo MDMA).
Riba J. et al., biodisponibilidade oral da DMT condicionada pela inibição das MAO intestinais (ver capítulo Ayahuasca).
Hirschfeld T., Prugger J., Majić T., Schmidt T.T., “Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023, 48(11):1602-1611.
Griffiths R.R., Johnson M.W., Richards W.A. et al., “Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects”, Psychopharmacology, 2011, 218(4):649-665.
O segundo teto: o que realmente limita uma dose
Garcia-Romeu A., Barrett F.S., Carbonaro T.M., Johnson M.W., Griffiths R.R., “Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches”, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2021, 35(4):353-361.
Spriggs M.J., Giribaldi B., Lyons T. et al., “Body mass index (BMI) does not predict responses to psilocybin”, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2023, 37(1):107-116.
Hirschfeld T., Prugger J., Majić T., Schmidt T.T., “Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023, 48(11):1602-1611.
Koenig X., Hilber K., “The anti-addiction drug ibogaine and the heart: a delicate relation”, Molecules, 2015, 20(2):2208-2228.
Boyer E.W., Shannon M., “The serotonin syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine, 2005, 352(11):1112-1120.
A microdosagem: promessa, prova e prudência
Sobre a distinção psicolítica / psicodélica e a origem dos termos: Sandison R. (termo “psicolítico”, primeiro simpósio europeu sobre o uso terapêutico do LSD-25, 1960); Leuner H. (escola psicolítica alemã). Síntese: “Lower-dose psycholytic therapy — a neglected approach,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022, 13:1020505.
Osmond H., “A review of the clinical effects of psychotomimetic agents,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1957 (neologismo “psychedelic”); Hoffer A. & Osmond H., modelo norte-americano de alta dose.
Griffiths R.R., Johnson M.W., Richards W.A. et al., “Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects,” Psychopharmacology, 2011, 218:649-665 (patamares 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg).
Fadiman J., The Psychedelic Explorer's Guide: Safe, Therapeutic, and Sacred Journeys, Park Street Press, 2011 (protocolo “um dia a cada três”); protocolo “stack” atribuído a Paul Stamets (psilocibina + Hericium erinaceus + niacina).
Ly C., Olson D.E. et al., “Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity,” Cell Reports, 2018, 23(11):3170-3182; Olson D.E., “Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics,” Journal of Experimental Neuroscience, 2018.
Szigeti B., Kartner L., Blemings A. et al., “Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing,” eLife, 2021, 10:e62878.
Polito V. & Liknaitzky P., “Is microdosing a placebo? A rapid review of low-dose LSD and psilocybin research,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2024, 38(8):701-716 (síntese dos efeitos dose-dependentes — Hutten et al., 2020; Murray et al., 2022 — e da contribuição medida da expectativa — Kaertner et al., 2021).
Tagen M. et al., “The risk of chronic psychedelic and MDMA microdosing for valvular heart disease,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2023 (doi:10.1177/02698811231190865); Rouaud A., Calder A.E., Hasler G., “Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: comparison to known cardiotoxins,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2024 (doi:10.1177/02698811231225609) — agonismo 5-HT2B crônico; analogia fenfluramina / pergolida / metisergida.
Sewell R.A., Halpern J.H., Pope H.G., “Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD,” Neurology, 2006, 66(12):1920-1922 (doses baixas a moderadas, não infraperceptíveis).
Ibogaína, noribogaína e prolongamento do QT: ver o capítulo Ibogaína do presente volume (mecanismo cardíaco e carga cumulativa). A segurança de uma exposição crônica a baixa dose não está documentada na literatura primária até o momento.
A molécula é perecível
PubChem — N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (pontos de fusão, propriedades). pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Gaujac A. et al., “DMT polymorphism”, Microchemical Journal, 2013 (formas cristalinas / DSC-XRD).
DMT-Nexus Wiki, Chemical & Physical Properties (marcadores de vaporização, fonte comunitária).
Cayman Chemical, ficha do produto N,N-DMT (estabilidade ≥5 anos a –20 °C).
Simão A.Y. et al., “Stability of DMT and β-carbolines in ayahuasca”, Molecules 25(9):2072, 2020.
Gotvaldová K. et al., “Stability of psilocybin and its analogs”, 2021 (biomassa P. cubensis, até 15 meses).
Wikipedia / SWGDRUG, Bufotenine (ponto de fusão 146–147 °C); Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, 2006 (veneno seco).
“Calorimetric/Thermogravimetric study of harmine”, Thermo (MDPI), 2025 (fusão ~280 °C, degradação 280–330 °C).
“Bridging the knowledge gap in harmaline’s properties”, Pharmaceutics (MDPI), 2026 (DSC 249–254 °C).
Shulgin A., TIHKAL #54 (THH: fusão base 187–190 °C, HCl 232–234 °C).
“Biodiversity of β-carboline profile of B. caapi and ayahuasca”, Plants (MDPI), 2020 (robustez em decocção).
“New insights into the chemical composition of ayahuasca”, ACS Omega / PMC9016809, 2022 (perdas físicas de harmina).
Lanaro R. et al., “Stability of ayahuasca alkaloids”, Molecules 25(9):2072, 2020 (bebida: harmalina –24/–38 %, THH –68 %).
“Photosensitizing properties of harmaline and harmalol”, Photochem Photobiol Sci, 2022; foto-oxidação UV/riboflavina, 2021.
drugfuture / Merck; The Alkaloids Vol. III (mescalina: base 35–36 °C, sais 180–186 °C).
Tocris #0289; Wikipedia Ibotenic acid (ibotênico em tampão pH 7,4 estável ~1 ano).
Keeper of the Trout, “Ayahuasca: alkaloids, plants, and analogs” (Erowid) — concentração por redução de volume, redução vs oxidação das β-carbolinas.
Quanto tempo permanece no sangue?
Janelas de detecção: ordens de grandeza farmacocinéticas (meias-vidas plasmáticas usuais), valores indicativos e não médico-legais.
O que a terra dá, o que dela se retira
Cactus Conservation Institute, cactusconservation.org (taxa de sobrevivência pós-colheita, teor de mescalina das rebrotas, colheita legal anual no Texas, status endangered).
Chacruna Institute, “The Global Ayahuasca Boom”, chacruna.net; kahpi.net, “We Are Harvesting the Ayahuasca Vine at an Alarming Rate” (pressão de colheita, região de Iquitos-Pucallpa, Peru).
Mongabay Brasil e Agência Pública, 2026, citando Eufran Ferreira do Amaral (Embrapa Acre) (colheita não estruturada, pressão crescente, Brasil).
Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crime (UNODC), unodc.org, “Cambodia tackles safrole oil production” (extração, montanhas Cardamomo e parque de Botum Sakor, apreensão de 2007 em Laem Chabang).
O que a tradição encontrou, o que o mercado aprisiona
Georgetown Journal of International Law, “The Promise of Nagoya: Indigenous Reciprocity in the Psychedelic Renaissance”, 2026 (primeiro envio de iboga em conformidade com o Protocolo de Nagoia, maio de 2023; ausência de compensação documentada para as comunidades mazatecas e bwiti).
Eli Lilly and Company, comunicado “Lilly to acquire AtaiBeckley to advance therapies for treatment-resistant depression and other mental health conditions”, investor.lilly.com, 16 de julho de 2026.
Freedom to Operate, pedido de reexame pós-concessão protocolado junto ao USPTO, dezembro de 2021; COMPASS Pathways, “key patents upheld by the US Patent and Trademark Office”, 2022-2023.
Psychedelic Drug Development Bullseye Charts, Psychedelic Alpha, com apoio da Syneos Health, T3 2026.
Tabaco
Wilbert J., Tobacco and Shamanism in South America, Yale University Press, 1987.
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing and Hallucinogenic Powers, Healing Arts Press, 2001 (ed. revisada).
OMS, WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2023, Organização Mundial da Saúde, 2023.
Newhouse P. et al., “Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial,” Neurology, 2012, 78(2):91-101.
Luna L.E., Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 1986.
Mayer B., “How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century,” Archives of Toxicology, 2014, 88(1):5-7.
Rapé · Hapé
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit., capítulo sobre os snuffs.
Torres C.M., Repke D.B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, Haworth Press, 2006.
Frog Tribe Brazil, arquivos de transmissão das receitas tribais, 2018-2024.
Comitê Inter-Tribal do Acre, declarações de proteção das receitas tradicionais, 2019.
Sananga
van Beek T.A. et al., “Tabernaemontana L. (Apocynaceae): A review of its taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacology,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1984, 10(1):1-156.
Schultes R.E., Raffauf R.F., The Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia, Dioscorides Press, 1990.
Marinho E.A. et al., estudos etnofarmacológicos sobre Tabernaemontana sananho, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2018.
DMT
Manske R.H.F., “A synthesis of the methyltryptamines and some derivatives,” Canadian Journal of Research, 1931, 5:592-600.
Szára S., “Dimethyltryptamin: its metabolism in man,” Experientia, 1956, 12:441-442.
Strassman R., DMT: The Spirit Molecule, Park Street Press, 2001.
Fontanilla D. et al., “The Hallucinogen N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Is an Endogenous Sigma-1 Receptor Regulator,” Science, 2009, 323(5916):934-937.
Carbonaro T.M., Gatch M.B., “Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine,” Brain Research Bulletin, 2016, 126:74-88.
Small Pharma / Cybin, comunicações regulatórias SPL026, 2022-2024.
Luan L.X. et al., ensaios DMTx Imperial College, 2024.
Dean J.G., Liu T., Huff S., Sheler B., Barker S.A., Strassman R.J., Wang M.M., Borjigin J., “Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain,” Scientific Reports, 2019, 9:9333.
Ayahuasca
CONAD, Resolução nº 1, 25 de janeiro de 2010, Dispõe sobre a observância dos preceitos éticos que envolvem o uso religioso da Ayahuasca.
Palhano-Fontes F. et al., “Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial”, Psychological Medicine, 2019, 49(4):655-663.
Domínguez-Clavé E. et al., “Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential”, Brain Research Bulletin, 2016, 126:89-101.
Reichel-Dolmatoff G., The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia, Temple University Press, 1975.
Labate B.C., Cavnar C. (orgs.), The World Ayahuasca Diaspora, Routledge, 2016.
Erowid Ayahuasca Vault, erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/" rel="noopener">https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/">erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/, acessado em 2026.
de Almeida R.N., de Menezes Galvão A.C., da Silva F.S. et al., “Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial”, Frontiers in Psychology, 2019, 10:1234.
Fotiou E., “The coloniality of power and the politics of ayahuasca”, in Labate B.C. & Cavnar C. (orgs.), The World Ayahuasca Diaspora, Routledge, 2016.
Miller M.J., Albarracin-Jordan J., Moore C., Capriles J.M., “Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America”, PNAS, 2019, 116(23):11207-11212.
Bomfim L.C., “Cantos xamânicos Huni Kuin: cerimônias de ayahuasca, cosmologias e pontes entre mundos”, Revista Vórtex, 2025, 13. DOI: 10.33871/vortex.2025.13.8946
Jurema
Pachter I.J., Zacharias D.E., Ribeiro O., “Indole Alkaloids of Acer saccharinum, Dictyoloma incanescens, Piptadenia colubrina, and Mimosa hostilis,” Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1959, 24(9):1285-1287.
Gonçalves de Lima O., “Observações sobre o vinho da Jurema utilizado pelos índios Pancarú de Tacaratu (Pernambuco),” Arquivos do Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas, 1946.
Vepsäläinen J.J. et al., “Isolation and characterization of yuremamine, a new phytoindole,” Planta Medica, 2005, 71(11):1053-1057.
Calvert M.B., Sperry J., “Bioinspired total synthesis and structural revision of yuremamine, an alkaloid from the entheogenic plant Mimosa tenuiflora,” Chemical Communications, 2015, 51:6202-6205.
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit. (seção Jurema).
Gonçalves de Lima O., “Observações sôbre o ‘vinho da Jurema’ utilizado pelos índios Pancarú de Tacaratú (Pernambuco),” Arquivos do Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas, 1946, 4:45-80 — primeira isolação, em uma planta, de uma triptamina (a “nigerina”, identificada depois como DMT).
Patrimônio imaterial Jurema: reconhecimentos municipais do Nordeste (Alhandra-PB, Olinda-PE, e outros), 2010-2024.
Harmala e β-carbolinas
Flattery D.S., Schwartz M., Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen “Soma”, University of California Press, 1989.
Göbel F., “Ueber das Harmalin,” Annalen der Pharmacie, 1841, 38(3):363-366.
Hochstein F.A., Paradies A.M., “Alkaloids of Banisteria caapi and Prestonia amazonicum,” JACS, 1957, 79:5735-5736.
Ott J., Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens, Natural Products Co., 1994.
Morales-García J.A. et al., “The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro,” Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:5309.
Wang P. et al., “A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replication,” Nature Medicine, 2015, 21:383-388.
Riba J., Valle M., Urbano G. et al., “Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2003, 306(1):73-83; Riba J., McIlhenny E.H., Valle M. et al., “Metabolism and disposition of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids after oral administration of ayahuasca,” Drug Testing and Analysis, 2012, 4(7-8):610-616.
Mahmoudian M., Jalilpour H., Salehian P., “Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a Case Report,” Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2002, 1:1-4.
5-MeO-DMT
Hoshino T., Shimodaira K., “Über die Synthese des Bufotenin-methyl-äthers (5-Methoxy-N-dimethyl-tryptamin),” Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1936, 520:19-30.
Speeter M.E., Anthony W.C., “The Action of Oxalyl Chloride on Indoles: A New Approach to Tryptamines,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1954, 76(23):6208-6210.
Stromberg V.L., “The isolation of bufotenine from Piptadenia peregrina,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1954, 76(6):1707.
Legler G., Tschesche R., “Isolierung von 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin und weiteren Tryptaminderivaten aus Samen von Piptadenia peregrina,” Naturwissenschaften, 1963, 50:94-95.
Erspamer V., Vitali T., Roseghini M., Cei J.M., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16(7):1149-1164.
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., TiHKAL: The Continuation, Transform Press, 1997 (entrada 5-MeO-DMT).
Oroc J., Tryptamine Palace: 5-MeO-DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad, Park Street Press, 2009.
Davis A.K. et al., “5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(2):161-169.
Uthaug M.V. et al., “A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms,” Psychopharmacology, 2019, 236(9):2653-2666.
Reckweg J.T. et al., “A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13:760671.
Torres C.M., Repke D.B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, Haworth Press, 2006.
Acácia
White E.P., “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species, for cyanogenetic glucosides,” New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 1957.
Repke D.B., Smith D.B., “Occurrence of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethyltryptamines in Acacia simplicifolia,” Lloydia, 1980.
Ott J., Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens, op. cit.
Palmer J., Articulations: On the Utilisation and Meanings of Psychedelics, 2014 (fontes sobre changa).
Maslin B.R., Miller J.T., Seigler D.S., “Overview of the generic status of Acacia,” Australian Systematic Botany, 2003.
Bufotenina
Wieland H., Konz W., Mittasch H., “Die Konstitution von Bufotenin und Bufotenidin,” Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1934, 513:1-25.
Fish M.S., Johnson N.M., Horning E.C., “Piptadenia Alkaloids. Indole Bases of P. peregrina and Related Species,” JACS, 1955, 77:5892-5895.
Fabing H.D., Hawkins J.R., “Intravenous bufotenine injection in the human being,” Science, 1956, 123(3203):886-887.
Erspamer V., Vitali T., Roseghini M., Cei J.M., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16(7):1149-1164.
Ott J., Pharmacotheon, op. cit. (capítulo bufotenina).
Torres C.M., Repke D.B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, op. cit.
Secreções de sapo
Erspamer V. et al., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16:1149-1164.
Most A. (pseud.), Bufo Alvarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert, Venom Press, 1984.
Davis A.K. et al., “The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018, 44(4):473-481.
Frost D.R. et al., “The amphibian tree of life,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2006, 297:1-291 (reclassificação Incilius alvarius).
GH Research, comunicações regulatórias GH001 (fase 1/2 e fase 2b controlada por placebo), 2023-2025.
Kambô
Erspamer V. et al., “Pharmacological studies of 'sapo' from the frog Phyllomedusa bicolor skin,” Toxicon, 1993, 31(9):1099-1111.
ANVISA, Nota Técnica nº 02/2017/GIMED/GGMON/DIRE5/ANVISA, Brasil, 2017.
Den Brave P.S. et al., “Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual,” Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2014, 20:40.
Labate B.C., Lima E.C. (orgs.), Hallucinogens and the Human Sciences: A Cambridge Companion, Cambridge University Press, 2024.
IAKP, Code of Conduct and Safety Protocols, versão 2023.
Comité da Aldeia, declaração de São Joaquim, 2018 — comunicado interpovos sobre a transmissão tradicional do Kambô.
Aquila I., Gratteri S., Sacco M.A., Fineschi V., Magi S., Castaldo P. et al., “The Biological Effects of Kambo: Is There a Relationship Between its Administration and Sudden Death?,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2018, 63(3):965-968.
Leban V., Kozelj G., Brvar M., “The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) venom exposure,” Toxicon, 2016, 120:107-109.
Jaguar
Hoshino T., Shimodaira K., “Synthese der Bufotenine-Methyläther,” Annalen der Chemie, 1936, 520:19-30.
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., TIHKAL: The Continuation, Transform Press, 1997 (entrada 5-MeO-DMT).
Stromberg V.L., “The isolation of bufotenine from Piptadenia peregrina,” JACS, 1954, 76(6):1707.
Legler G., Tschesche R., “Isolierung von 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin und weiteren Tryptaminderivaten aus Samen von Piptadenia peregrina,” Naturwissenschaften, 1963, 50:94-95.
GH Research, ensaio de fase 1/2 do GH001 (5-MeO-DMT) em depressão resistente, publicação 2023; comunicado de fase 2b controlada por placebo (desfecho principal atingido, redução MADRS ajustada do placebo de −15,5 pontos), 03/02/2025.
Beckley Psytech, comunicados do programa BPL-003, 2024.
Iboga
Fernandez J.W., Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa, Princeton University Press, 1982.
Ravalec V., Mallendi, Paicheler A., Bois sacré : initiation à l'iboga, Au diable vauvert, 2004.
Van Gennep A., Les rites de passage, Paris, 1909.
Dybowski J., Landrin E., “Sur l'ibogaïne, principe actif de l'iboga,” Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., 1901, 133:748.
Alper K.R. et al., “Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine,” American Journal on Addictions, 1999.
Cherian K.N., Keynan J.N., Anker L., Faerman A. et al., “Magnesium–ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries,” Nature Medicine, 2024, 30(2):373-381.
Schenberg E.E. et al., “Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2014.
República Gabonesa, decreto n.º 0239/PR/MJSRCAVA de 22 de maio de 2026 regulamentando o acesso, o uso, a exploração, a pesquisa, a transformação e a comercialização da iboga, de seus derivados e dos saberes tradicionais associados [texto no Diário Oficial a confirmar].
Y. Guignon (Blessings of the Forest-Gabão), tribuna “Iboga : le Gabon affirme sa souveraineté sur un patrimoine stratégique mondial,” GabonReview, maio de 2026; D. Nassim, “blood diamond” da ibogaína, Lucid News, 2022; INTERPOL, relatório sobre o tráfico ilícito de iboga, 2023.
Ibogaína
Bartlett M.F., Dickel D.F., Taylor W.I., “The alkaloids of Tabernanthe iboga,” JACS, 1958, 80(1):126-136.
Alper K.R. et al., “Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012, 57(2):398-412.
Brunt T.M., “Rare but relevant: ibogaine and cardiovascular complications — prolonged QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias,” Addiction, 2026 (doi:10.1111/add.70319) — revisão sintetizando eventos cardíacos em doses terapêuticas, limiares de QTc, modelagem dose/EC50 e a eficácia limitada das intervenções.
Knuijver T. et al., “Safety of ibogaine administration in detoxification of opioid-dependent individuals: a descriptive open-label observational study,” Addiction, 2022 (doi:10.1111/add.15448) — coorte monitorada (n=14, 10 mg/kg) documentando a incidência do prolongamento do QTc.
Brown T.K., Alper K., “Treatment of opioid use disorder with ibogaine,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018.
Cherian K.N., Keynan J.N., Anker L., Faerman A. et al., “Magnesium–ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries,” Nature Medicine, 2024, 30(2):373-381.
Glick S.D., Kuehne M.E., Maisonneuve I.M. et al., “18-Methoxycoronaridine, a non-toxic iboga alkaloid congener: effects on morphine and cocaine self-administration and on mesolimbic dopamine release in rats,” Brain Research, 1996, 719(1-2):29-35; Glick S.D., Maisonneuve I.M., Szumlinski K.K., “18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) and ibogaine: comparison of antiaddictive efficacy, toxicity, and mechanisms of action,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2000, 914:369-386.
ANVISA / SENAPRED, Nota Técnica nº 64/2020 (desaprovação do uso da ibogaína), Brasil, 2020.
Estados Unidos, Executive Order 14401, “Accelerating Medical Treatments for Serious Mental Illness,” 18 de abril de 2026; Federal Register, vol. 91, n.º 77, FR Doc. 2026-07907, 22 de abril de 2026; compilação presidencial govinfo DCPD-202600269.
The White House, “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump is Accelerating Medical Treatments for Serious Mental Illness,” 18 de abril de 2026.
Mescalina
Heffter A., “Ueber Pellote,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv, 1898, 40:385-429.
Späth E., “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide,” Monatshefte für Chemie, 1919, 40:129-154.
Klüver H., Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucination, University of Chicago Press, 1928.
Huxley A., The Doors of Perception, Chatto & Windus, 1954.
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press, 1991.
Garcia-Romeu A. et al., “Persisting reductions in cannabis, opioid, and stimulant misuse after naturalistic mescaline use,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022.
Peyote
La Barre W., The Peyote Cult, Yale University Press, 1938 (reed. 1989).
Bergman R.L., “Navajo peyote use: its apparent safety,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 128(6):695-699.
Schaefer S.B., Furst P.T. (orgs.), People of the Peyote, University of New Mexico Press, 1996.
Conselho Regional Wixárika, declarações sobre Wirikuta, 2010-2024.
Trout K., Trout's Notes on Sacred Cacti, Mydriatic Productions, 2007.
San Pedro · Huachuma
Sharon D., Wizard of the Four Winds: A Shaman's Story, Free Press, 1978.
Joralemon D., Sharon D., Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru, University of Utah Press, 1993.
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit. (capítulo San Pedro).
Trout K., San Pedro & Related Trichocereus Species, Mydriatic Productions, 2014.
Ostolaza C., Cactus del Perú, Lima, 2014.
Bussmann R.W., Sharon D., “Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2006, 2:47; Bussmann R.W., Sharon D., Medicinal Plants of the Andes and the Amazon — The Magic and Medicinal Flora of Northern Peru, William L. Brown Center, 2015.
MDMA
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press, 1991 (entrada MDMA).
Greer G., Tolbert R., “Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1986, 18(4):319-327.
Mithoefer M.C. et al., “The safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2018, 32(7):838-845.
Mitchell J.M. et al., “MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study,” Nature Medicine, 2021, 27:1025-1033.
Mitchell J.M. et al., “MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial,” Nature Medicine, 2023, 29:2473-2480.
Nichols D.E., “Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1986, 18(4):305-313.
FDA, Advisory Committee Briefing Documents on Lykos NDA, junho–agosto de 2024; Complete Response Letter (versão expurgada tornada pública em 4 de setembro de 2025).
MAPS / Lykos Therapeutics / Resilient Pharmaceuticals, comunicações oficiais sobre a reestruturação (2024), a mudança de denominação (2025) e a ressubmissão do dossiê MDMA-AT (fim de 2025).
Mueller F., Lenz C., Dolder P.C., Lang U.E., Schmidt A., Liechti M.E., Borgwardt S., “Neuroimaging in moderate MDMA use: A systematic review,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2016, 62:21-34.
Heifets B.D. et al., “Distinct neural mechanisms for the prosocial and rewarding properties of MDMA,” Science Translational Medicine, 2019, 11(522):eaaw6435.
Psilocíbios
Wasson R.G., “Seeking the Magic Mushroom,” Life Magazine, 13 de maio de 1957.
Hofmann A. et al., “Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen,” Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1959, 42:1557-1572.
Griffiths R.R. et al., Psychopharmacology, 2006, 187(3):268-283.
Carhart-Harris R.L. et al., “Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression,” NEJM, 2021, 384:1402-1411.
Bogenschutz M.P. et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(10):953-962.
Compass Pathways, Topline Results COMP005 and COMP006 Phase 3 Program, dados oficiais 17 de fevereiro de 2026.
Reunion Neuroscience, comunicações oficiais sobre a luvesilocina (RE104): designação Breakthrough Therapy da FDA na depressão do pós-parto (23 de fevereiro de 2026); apresentação dos dados completos do ensaio fase 2 RECONNECT (ASCP/APA, maio de 2026); Bryson N. et al., “RE104: synthesis and activity of a novel serotonergic psychedelic prodrug of 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2024, 15(12):2386-2395.
AbbVie, comunicado “AbbVie to Acquire Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals’ Bretisilocin” (25 de agosto de 2025); Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals, resultados topline de fase 2a do GM-2505 na depressão maior (27 de maio de 2025).
Guzmán G., Pollock S.H., “A new bluing species of Psilocybe from Florida, U.S.A.” (Psilocybe tampanensis), Mycotaxon, 1978, 7:373-376.
Gartz J., Magic Mushrooms Around the World, LIS Publications, 1996 (escleródios e teores).
Cleveland Clinic, ConsultQD, “Hypertensive Crisis Linked to Psilocybin Mushroom Use in Patient Taking MAOI and Amphetamine”, consultado on-line, 2024 [referência do caso clínico original a verificar].
DoubleBlind Magazine, “An Intro to Psilohuasca: The Latest, Understudied Psychedelic Drug Combination”, consultado on-line.
Tripsitter, “Blue Honey: What Is It & Does It Actually Work?”, consultado on-line (tratamento crítico das alegações de conservação e potência).
Allegro J.M., The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, Hodder & Stoughton, 1970.
Ott J., Pharmacotheon, Natural Products Co., 1996.
Saar M., “Fungi in Khanty folk medicine,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1991, 31(2):175-179.
Michelot D., Melendez-Howell L.M., “Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology,” Mycological Research, 2003, 107(2):131-146.
Diaz J., “Amanita muscaria: gummy bears, illegal in some states, the legal psychoactive,” Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2023.
LSD
Hofmann A., LSD: My Problem Child, McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Stoll W.A., “Lysergsäure-diäthylamid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe,” Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 1947, 60:279-323.
Gasser P. et al., “Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2014, 202(7):513-520.
Carhart-Harris R.L. et al., “Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging,” PNAS, 2016, 113(17):4853-4858.
Krebs T.S., Johansen P.Ø., “Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2012, 26(7):994-1002.
Fuentes J.J. et al., “Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020, 10:943.
Garcia-Romeu A. et al., “Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2019, 33(9):1088-1101.
Bogenschutz M.P. et al., “Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder,” JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(10):953-962.
Szigeti B. et al., “Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing,” eLife, 2021, 10:e62878.
Riegel A., Paille F., “La promesse des psychédéliques : LSD et psilocybine dans les troubles de l'usage d'alcool,” Alcoologie et Addictologie, 2024, T44 N3 (revisão de síntese em língua francesa).
Sewell R.A., Halpern J.H., Pope H.G. Jr., “Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD,” Neurology, 2006, 66(12):1920-1922.
MindMed / Definium Therapeutics, comunicações oficiais MM-120 ODT depois DT120 ODT, ensaios Voyage (NCT06741228), Panorama, Emerge e Ascend, 2024-2026; comunicado dos resultados topline do ensaio fase 3 Emerge (depressão maior), 22 de junho de 2026; anúncio da mudança de denominação MindMed → Definium Therapeutics, 12 de janeiro de 2026.
Robison R., Barrow R., Conant C. et al., “Single Treatment With MM120 (Lysergide) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA, 2025, 334(15):1358-1372.
Lee M.A., Shlain B., Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD, Grove Press, 1985.
Comissão Church (Estados Unidos), relatório sobre os abusos do programa MK-Ultra, 1975-1976.
LSA
Hofmann A., Tscherter H., “Isolierung von Lysergsäure-Alkaloiden aus der mexikanischen Zauberdroge Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall. f.),” Experientia, 1960, 16:414.
Schultes R.E., “A Contribution to our Knowledge of Rivea corymbosa, the Narcotic Ololiuqui of the Aztecs,” Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1941.
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Rätsch C., Plants of the Gods, Healing Arts Press, 2001 (cap. “Ololiuqui — Vines of the Serpent”).
Hernández F., Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, Roma, 1651 (manuscrito 1570-1577).
Sahagún B. de, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Códice Florentino), século XVI.
Wasson R.G., “Notes on the Present Status of Ololiuhqui and the Other Hallucinogens of Mexico,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 1963, 20:161-193.
Paulke A. et al., “Analysis of lysergic acid amide in human serum and urine after ingestion of Argyreia nervosa seeds,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2012.
Klinke H.B., Müller I.B. et al., dados farmacológicos sobre as sementes de Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) — séries de casos e dosagens.
“Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA), an LSD Analog: Systematic Review of Pharmacological Effects, Adverse Outcomes, and Therapeutic Potentials,” Pharmacy (Basel), 2025, 13(4):98.
Castro P., Maia J., “Investigating LSA — a 'legal high' analogue to LSD,” European Psychiatry, 2024, 67(Suppl. 1):S553-S554.
Rätsch C., Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen (entradas Turbina, Ipomoea, Argyreia).
Salvia divinorum
Wasson R.G., “A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family,” Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 1962, 20:77-84.
Ortega A. et al., “Salvinorin, a new trans-neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae),” Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 1982:2505-2508.
Valdés L.J. et al., “Divinorin A, a psychotropic terpenoid from Salvia divinorum,” Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1984, 49:4716-4720.
Roth B.L. et al., “Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous κ opioid selective agonist,” PNAS, 2002, 99(18):11934-11939.
Siebert D.J., “Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1994, 43(1):53-56.
Sheffler D.J., Roth B.L., “Salvinorin A: the 'magic mint' hallucinogen finds a molecular target in the kappa opioid receptor,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2003, 24(3):107-109.
Cafeína
Runge F.F., comunicação sobre o isolamento da cafeína, 1819 (relato Berlin Akademie).
Lu Yu, Cha Jing (Clássico do Chá), China, por volta de 760 (edição crítica Carpenter 1974).
Schmidt B. et al., “Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2007, 354:2112-2121.
Costa J. et al., “Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies,” Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2010, 20(S1):S221-S238.
Pendergrast M., Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World, Basic Books, 1999.
Standage T., A History of the World in 6 Glasses, Walker & Company, 2005 (capítulo café e chá).
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, “Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine,” EFSA Journal, 2015, 13(5):4102.
Cacau
Powis T.G., Cyphers A., Gaikwad N.W., Grivetti L., Cheong K., “Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec,” PNAS, 2011, 108(21):8595-8600.
Zarrillo S. et al., “The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon,” Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2:1879-1888.
Coe S.D., Coe M.D., The True History of Chocolate, Thames & Hudson, 1996 (reed. 2013).
Mastroiacovo D. et al., “Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015, 101(3):538-548.
Brickman A.M. et al., “Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults,” Nature Neuroscience, 2014, 17:1798-1803.
Scholey A.B. et al., “Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in acute improvements in mood and cognitive performance during sustained mental effort,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2010, 24(10):1505-1514.
Hooper L. et al., “Effects of chocolate, cocoa and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012, 95(3):740-751.
Cacau
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit. (capítulos sobre Solanáceas, Anadenanthera, Cannabis).
Lorenzi H., Matos F.J.A., Plantas Medicinais no Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas, Instituto Plantarum, 2008.
Albuquerque U.P. et al., Encyclopedia of Brazilian Ethnobotany, publicações sucessivas 2010-2020.
Torres C.M., Repke D.B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, Haworth Press, 2006.
Plowman T., publicações sobre Erythroxylum coca, anos 1980-90.
Mr-Ginseng.com, artigos sobre as plantas medicinais brasileiras, acessado em 2026.
Índice alfabético
AbbVie, comunicado “AbbVie to Acquire Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals’ Bretisilocin” (25 de agosto de 2025); Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals, resultados topline de fase 2a do GM-2505 na depressão maior (27 de maio de 2025).
Albuquerque U.P. et al., Encyclopedia of Brazilian Ethnobotany, publicações sucessivas 2010-2020.
Allegro J.M., The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, Hodder & Stoughton, 1970.
Alper K.R. et al., “Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012, 57(2):398-412.
Alper K.R. et al., “Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine,” American Journal on Addictions, 1999.
Alper K.R., “Ibogaine: A Review”, The Alkaloids, 2001 (fusão 152–153 °C; degradada pelo calor e pela luz).
ANVISA / SENAPRED, Nota Técnica nº 64/2020 (desaprovação do uso da ibogaína), Brasil, 2020.
ANVISA, Nota Técnica nº 02/2017/GIMED/GGMON/DIRE5/ANVISA, Brasil, 2017.
Aquila I., Gratteri S., Sacco M.A., Fineschi V., Magi S., Castaldo P. et al., “The Biological Effects of Kambo: Is There a Relationship Between its Administration and Sudden Death?,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2018, 63(3):965-968.
Aronovich A., publicações acadêmicas sobre a segurança ayahuasqueira, Instituto Chacruna, 2019-2024.
Bartlett M.F., Dickel D.F., Taylor W.I., “The alkaloids of Tabernanthe iboga,” JACS, 1958, 80(1):126-136.
Beckley Psytech, comunicados do programa BPL-003, 2024.
Bergman R.L., “Navajo peyote use: its apparent safety,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 128(6):695-699.
Bogenschutz M.P. et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(10):953-962.
Bogenschutz M.P. et al., “Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder,” JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(10):953-962.
Bomfim L.C., “Cantos xamânicos Huni Kuin: cerimônias de ayahuasca, cosmologias e pontes entre mundos”, Revista Vórtex, 2025, 13. DOI: 10.33871/vortex.2025.13.8946
Boyer E.W., Shannon M., “The serotonin syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine, 2005, 352(11):1112-1120.
Brickman A.M. et al., “Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults,” Nature Neuroscience, 2014, 17:1798-1803.
Brown T.K., Alper K., “Treatment of opioid use disorder with ibogaine,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018.
Brunt T.M., “Rare but relevant: ibogaine and cardiovascular complications — prolonged QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias,” Addiction, 2026 (doi:10.1111/add.70319) — revisão sintetizando eventos cardíacos em doses terapêuticas, limiares de QTc, modelagem dose/EC50 e a eficácia limitada das intervenções.
Bussmann R.W., Sharon D., “Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2006, 2:47; Bussmann R.W., Sharon D., Medicinal Plants of the Andes and the Amazon — The Magic and Medicinal Flora of Northern Peru, William L. Brown Center, 2015.
Cactus Conservation Institute, cactusconservation.org (taxa de sobrevivência pós-colheita, teor de mescalina das rebrotas, colheita legal anual no Texas, status endangered).
Calvert M.B., Sperry J., “Bioinspired total synthesis and structural revision of yuremamine, an alkaloid from the entheogenic plant Mimosa tenuiflora,” Chemical Communications, 2015, 51:6202-6205.
Carbonaro T.M., Gatch M.B., “Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine,” Brain Research Bulletin, 2016, 126:74-88.
Carhart-Harris R.L. et al., “Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging,” PNAS, 2016, 113(17):4853-4858.
Carhart-Harris R.L. et al., “Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression,” NEJM, 2021, 384:1402-1411.
Castro P., Maia J., “Investigating LSA — a 'legal high' analogue to LSD,” European Psychiatry, 2024, 67(Suppl. 1):S553-S554.
Cayman Chemical, ficha do produto N,N-DMT (estabilidade ≥5 anos a –20 °C).
Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines, Ayahuasca Community Guide for the Awareness of Sexual Abuse, San Francisco, 2018 (atualizado em 2020, 2023).
Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines, Guidelines for the Awareness of Sexual Abuse and Ethical Conduct in Ayahuasca Ceremonies, San Francisco, 2018 (atualizado em 2020, 2023).
Chacruna Institute, “The Global Ayahuasca Boom”, chacruna.net; kahpi.net, “We Are Harvesting the Ayahuasca Vine at an Alarming Rate” (pressão de colheita, região de Iquitos-Pucallpa, Peru).
Cherian K.N., Keynan J.N., Anker L., Faerman A. et al., “Magnesium–ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries,” Nature Medicine, 2024, 30(2):373-381.
Cleveland Clinic, ConsultQD, “Hypertensive Crisis Linked to Psilocybin Mushroom Use in Patient Taking MAOI and Amphetamine”, consultado on-line, 2024 [referência do caso clínico original a verificar].
Coe S.D., Coe M.D., The True History of Chocolate, Thames & Hudson, 1996 (reed. 2013).
Comissão Church (Estados Unidos), relatório sobre os abusos do programa MK-Ultra, 1975-1976.
Comité da Aldeia, declaração de São Joaquim, 2018 — comunicado interpovos sobre a transmissão tradicional do Kambô.
Comitê Inter-Tribal do Acre, declarações de proteção das receitas tradicionais, 2019.
Compass Pathways, Topline Results COMP005 and COMP006 Phase 3 Program, dados oficiais 17 de fevereiro de 2026.
CONAD, Resolução nº 1, 25 de janeiro de 2010, Dispõe sobre a observância dos preceitos éticos que envolvem o uso religioso da Ayahuasca.
Conselho Regional Wixárika, declarações sobre Wirikuta, 2010-2024.
Costa J. et al., “Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies,” Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2010, 20(S1):S221-S238.
D. J. McKenna, G. H. N. Towers, F. Abbott, "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and β-carboline constituents of ayahuasca," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1984.
Davis A.K. et al., “5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 45(2):161-169.
Davis A.K. et al., “The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2018, 44(4):473-481.
de Almeida R.N., de Menezes Galvão A.C., da Silva F.S. et al., “Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial”, Frontiers in Psychology, 2019, 10:1234.
de la Torre R., Farré M. et al., farmacocinética não linear do MDMA e inibição da CYP2D6 (ver capítulo MDMA).
Dean J.G., Liu T., Huff S., Sheler B., Barker S.A., Strassman R.J., Wang M.M., Borjigin J., “Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain,” Scientific Reports, 2019, 9:9333.
Declarações públicas intertribais (Lakota, Diné, e outros) contra os plastic shamans, 1993-2020.
Den Brave P.S. et al., “Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual,” Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2014, 20:40.
Diaz J., “Amanita muscaria: gummy bears, illegal in some states, the legal psychoactive,” Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2023.
DMT-Nexus Wiki, Chemical & Physical Properties (marcadores de vaporização, fonte comunitária).
Domínguez-Clavé E. et al., “Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential”, Brain Research Bulletin, 2016, 126:89-101.
DoubleBlind Magazine, “An Intro to Psilohuasca: The Latest, Understudied Psychedelic Drug Combination”, consultado on-line.
drugfuture / Merck; The Alkaloids Vol. III (mescalina: base 35–36 °C, sais 180–186 °C).
Dybowski J., Landrin E., “Sur l'ibogaïne, principe actif de l'iboga,” Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., 1901, 133:748.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, “Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine,” EFSA Journal, 2015, 13(5):4102.
Eli Lilly and Company, comunicado “Lilly to acquire AtaiBeckley to advance therapies for treatment-resistant depression and other mental health conditions”, investor.lilly.com, 16 de julho de 2026.
Erowid Ayahuasca Vault, erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/" rel="noopener">https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/">erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/, acessado em 2026.
Erspamer V. et al., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16:1149-1164.
Erspamer V. et al., “Pharmacological studies of 'sapo' from the frog Phyllomedusa bicolor skin,” Toxicon, 1993, 31(9):1099-1111.
Erspamer V., Vitali T., Roseghini M., Cei J.M., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16(7):1149-1164.
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Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit. (seção Jurema).
Schultes R.E., Hofmann A., Plants of the Gods, op. cit., capítulo sobre os snuffs.
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Shulgin A., TIHKAL #54 (THH: fusão base 187–190 °C, HCl 232–234 °C).
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Small Pharma / Cybin, comunicações regulatórias SPL026, 2022-2024.
Sobre a distinção psicolítica / psicodélica e a origem dos termos: Sandison R. (termo “psicolítico”, primeiro simpósio europeu sobre o uso terapêutico do LSD-25, 1960); Leuner H. (escola psicolítica alemã). Síntese: “Lower-dose psycholytic therapy — a neglected approach,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022, 13:1020505.
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Repetidas entre capítulos
Hirschfeld T., Prugger J., Majić T., Schmidt T.T., “Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans”, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023, 48(11):1602-1611. — Dose e efeito: uma relação não linear, O segundo teto: o que realmente limita uma dose
Griffiths R.R., Johnson M.W., Richards W.A. et al., “Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects”, Psychopharmacology, 2011, 218(4):649-665. — A microdosagem: promessa, prova e prudência, Dose e efeito: uma relação não linear
Torres C.M., Repke D.B., Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America, Haworth Press, 2006. — 5-MeO-DMT, Bufotenina, Cacau, Rapé · Hapé
Stromberg V.L., “The isolation of bufotenine from Piptadenia peregrina,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1954, 76(6):1707. — 5-MeO-DMT, Jaguar
Legler G., Tschesche R., “Isolierung von 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin und weiteren Tryptaminderivaten aus Samen von Piptadenia peregrina,” Naturwissenschaften, 1963, 50:94-95. — 5-MeO-DMT, Jaguar
Erspamer V., Vitali T., Roseghini M., Cei J.M., “5-Methoxy- and 5-hydroxyindoles in the skin of Bufo alvarius,” Biochemical Pharmacology, 1967, 16(7):1149-1164. — 5-MeO-DMT, Bufotenina
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., TiHKAL: The Continuation, Transform Press, 1997 (entrada 5-MeO-DMT). — 5-MeO-DMT, Jaguar
Cherian K.N., Keynan J.N., Anker L., Faerman A. et al., “Magnesium–ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries,” Nature Medicine, 2024, 30(2):373-381. — Iboga, Ibogaína
Shulgin A., Shulgin A., PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press, 1991. — MDMA, Mescalina